Der kræves masser af brint som erstatning for kul og olie i fremtidig fossilfri energi infrastruktur efter 2040. Se mulig brint rørnet https://ing.dk/artikel/saadan-kunne-europa...
Nedenstående link "Hydrogen. The Bridge between Africa and Europe" beskriver mulige energi infrastukturer mellem Europa og Afrika, som kan erstatte kul, olie og naturgas i 2050.
Nedenstående link har beregninger af Europa energibehov og muligheder for fuldstænding fossilfri fremtid.
Verdens energibehov kan dækkes af et arealstørrelse på 8% af Sahara, da solcelle og vind energi kapacitet faktor her kan være over 50%. For at dække Europa energi behov kræves enorme investeringer i vindmøller og solcelleparker.
Fordelen ved energi fra lande (Marokko, Tunis, Algeriet, Libyen) ved Sahara i Nord Afrika er de høje kapacitetsfaktorer for landvind på over 50% og for solcelleparker over 40%.
Ifølge beregninger kan hav/land vind i EU kan give 1,300GW. Medens landvind i Nord Afrika kan give 500GW effekt.
Og solenergi kan give 2,800GW i Europa og 2,000GW effekt i Nord Afrika
Udveksling af energi fra Nord Afrika kræver 1,000GW brintrørnet og brint lagring i mange saltkaverner (salthorste) i Europa (10,000) og i Nord Afrika (5,000) for sæsonlagring. Se link
Olieselskaber og Mærsk har fornøden ekspertise for tilstrækkelige brintlagre i saltkaverne, tidligere oliefelter og lignende (Tyskland har foreslået lagringskapacitet på 25% af elnet kapacitet).
A European energy system based on 50% renewable electricity and 50% green hydrogen can be achieved by 2050. The green hydrogen shall consist of hydrogen produced in Europe, complemented by hydrogen imports, especially from North Africa
What needs to be done To be realized in 2050 (to cater for Europe’s energy demand)
Production Wind capacity 1,800 GW; 1,300 GW in Europe and 500 GW in North Africa Solar, PV capacity 2,800 GW in Europe and 2,000GW in North Africa
Electrolyser Capacity 3,400 GW; 700 GW in Europe and 2,700 GW in North Africa Infrastructure
Hydrogen pipelines 1,000 GW pipeline connection between Europe and North Africa. Re-use existing gas pipeline infrastructure in Europe and North Africa, conversion from natural gas to hydrogen Expand pipeline capacity, especially from south to north of Europe. Realize pipeline connections between North African countries from east to west.
Electricity grid Massive capacity expansion of the electricity grid, at least with a factor 2 on a volume base Grid re-enforcement and new grids are required between the renewable electricity production in Northern and Southern Europe and the load centers. Capacity expansion of interconnections between countries. Realize an electricity grid in and between North African countries
Storage Salt caverns 15,000 Salt caverns; 10,000 in Europe, 5,000 in North Africa Hydrogen storage in empty gas fields if possible Batteries are required, especially for day-night storage; North Africa could rely much more on battery storage than on hydrogen storage, due to its climatological conditions Heat storage Seasonal heat and cold storage for space heating, especially in aquifers and rock formations. This is important for North-Europe
Hydrogen. The Bridge between Africa and Europe. September 2019