Spørg Scientariet: Er der virus, der holder os sunde?

25. juni 2016 kl. 16:003
En læser vil gerne vide, om der findes gavnlige virus, som hjælper os mod sygdomme. Det giver Statens Seruminstitut et bud på.
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Vores læser Lars C. Jørgensen har spurgt:

Når man taler om bakterier, bruger man tit betegnelserne gode og onde. Altså at visse bakterier er gavnlige for vores helbred, mens andre er skadelige.

Men hvordan er det med virus; findes der også gavnlige virus, som vi har brug for for at holde os sunde og raske?

Læs også: Gensaksen CRISPR kan nu også klippe i RNA

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Lasse Dam Rasmussen, seniorforsker ved Statens Serum Institut, svarer:

Et nærtliggende filosofisk spørgsmål er vel: gode eller dårlige for hvem?

Bakteriofager (bakterie-virus), som slår bakterier ihjel, er vel ikke gode for bakterierne – og måske heller ikke for os – hvis de dræber gavnlige bakterier.

Men de kan vel karakteriseres som gode, hvis det er sygdomsfremkaldende bakterier, der dræbes, i hvert fald for den/de racer, der bliver syge, og ikke for de immune arter, der nu (hvis sygdomsfremkaldende bakterier er væk) har flere at konkurrere om maden og pladsen med.

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Nogle virus gør os syge, men styrker immunforsvaret generelt, dvs. at de også beskytter mod andre sygdomme end kun lige den, som det specifikke virus giver. Er de så gode eller dårlige? Gode for dem, der overlever, men dårlige for dem, der bukker under. Men de er generelt med til at gøre ‘flokken’ mere robust.

Det er det samme med de virus, man bruger til at lave vacciner af. Oprindelig er det sygdomsfremkaldende virus, der ved dyrkning i laboratoriet har ændret lidt på deres egenskaber, så de ikke længere gør os syge – eller kun meget lidt syge – men beskytter os fuldt ud mod den ‘rigtige’ virussygdom.

Et klassisk eksempel er historien om, hvordan selve begrebet vaccine blev opdaget. Det blev observeret, at malkepiger i 1700-tallets England ikke blev syge i de ellers meget omfattende koppe-epidemier, der slog mange mennesker ihjel i den periode. Det skyldtes, at de blev inficeret med kokopper, som samtidig beskyttede mod det langt farligere menneskekopper.

Læs også: WHO tøver med at destruere koppevirus til 2014

Verdens første vaccine bestod faktisk i at overføre materie fra blærerne på en ko med kokopper til blodbanen hos mennesker med en nål. Det er det, der har lagt navn til vaccine, da vacca på latin betyder ko.

De virus, man bruger som et redskab i genterapi til at transportere ‘raske gener’ ind i syge celler er vel gode for det individ, der bliver rask/overlever, men er de gode for ‘flokken’, hvis svage individer der egentlig burde være bukket under, overlever og måske kan videreføre ‘dårlige gener’?

En del af det menneskelige genom (ca. 8 pct.) har viral oprindelse, på en måde er de vel gode?

Artiklen fortsætter efter annoncen

Læs også: Livsvigtige hjælpere – og ny vej til behandling og forebyggelse: Bakterierne styrer dit liv

Det er stadig et forholdsvis ubeskrevet område, om der evt. skulle være vira i tarmfloraen, der har en gavnlig effekt. Jeg har dog meget svært ved at forestille mig det, da virus-genomet jo ikke koder for noget, der kunne være gavnligt for os. De koder kun for deres genoms reproduktion og for de proteiner, der danner deres ‘hylster’. Og de er helt afhængige af de invaderede cellers proteinapparat til at danne disse proteiner.

Men som sagt er det et forskningsområde, der netop er ved at komme gang i. Metagenomics, som det kaldes, når man kikker på alt arvemateriale på én gang, er meget vanskeligt at udføre på virus, da deres genom ofte er meget mere skrøbeligt end bakteriers og meget mindre og derfor svært at finde.

Om et par år kender vi måske nye virustyper, der er en del af vores tarmflora, som er med til at regulere de andre mikroorganismer, men de er ikke opdaget endnu.

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26. juni 2016 kl. 04:27

Provocative inforced reactiveness....

2
25. juni 2016 kl. 17:01

28 October 2015, nature.com: Cancer-fighting viruses win approval: Citat: "... An engineered herpesvirus that provokes an immune response against cancer has become the first treatment of its kind to be approved for use in the United States, paving the way for a long-awaited class of therapies. On 27 October, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a genetically engineered virus called talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) to treat advanced melanoma. Four days earlier, advisers to the European Medicines Agency had endorsed the drug...."

Oncolytic virus: Citat: "... An oncolytic virus is a virus that preferentially infects and kills cancer cells.[1][2] As the infected cancer cells are destroyed by lysis, they release new infectious virus particles to help destroy the remaining tumour.[3] Oncolytic viruses are thought not only to cause direct destruction of the tumour cells, but also to stimulate host anti-tumour immune responses.[4][5] ..."

9 May 2014, medicalnewstoday.com: Dose of measles virus destroys woman's incurable cancer: Citat: "...In what they describe as a proof of principle study, doctors in the US were able to keep a woman with deadly multiple myeloma - an incurable bone marrow cancer - free of all signs of living cancer cells for over 6 months by giving her just one high dose of measles virus....But the authors say this is the first well-documented case of a patient with cancer that has spread experiencing complete remission at all disease sites after receiving oncolytic virus therapy...."

03/28/15, ibtimes.com: Cancer Patients Cured With Polio Virus In Duke University Trial, CBS Reports: Citat: "... Patient Stephanie Lipscomb was 20 when she entered the experimental treatment. “They didn’t expect me to live more than two years, I don’t think,” Lipscomb told USA Today. In 2012, doctors injected the genetically modified version of the polio virus into her tumor. Now, three years later, there is no active cancer...."

1
25. juni 2016 kl. 16:51

Pattedyr (incl. mennesker) er katalyseret af vira?:

February 14, 2012, blogs.discovermagazine.com: Mammals Made By Viruses: Citat: "... In 2000, a team of Boston scientists discovered a peculiar gene in the human genome. It encoded a protein made only by cells in the placenta. They called it syncytin. ... What made syncytin peculiar was that it was not a human gene. It bore all the hallmarks of a gene from a virus. ... Viruses have insinuated themselves into the genome of our ancestors for hundreds of millions of years. They typically have gotten there by infecting eggs or sperm, inserting their own DNA into ours. There are 100,000 known fragments of viruses in the human genome, making up over 8% of our DNA. Most of this virus DNA has been hit by so many mutations that it’s nothing but baggage our species carries along from one generation to the next. Yet there are some viral genes that still make proteins in our bodies. Syncytin appeared to be a hugely important one to our own biology. Originally, syncytin allowed viruses to fuse host cells together so they could spread from one cell to another. Now the protein allowed babies to fuse to their mothers. ... Later, the French virologist Thierry Heidmann and his colleagues discovered a second version of syncytin in humans and other primates, and dubbed them syncytin 1 and syncytin 2. Both virus proteins seemed to be important to our well-being. In pre-eclampsia, which gives pregnant women dangerously high blood pressure, levels of both syncytin 1 and syncytin 2 drop dramatically. Syncytin 2 also performs another viral trick to help its human master: it helps tamp down the mother’s immune system so she doesn’t attack her baby as a hunk of foreign tissue.... They shut down the syncytin A gene in mouse embryos and discovered they died after about 11 days because they couldn’t form their syncytiotrophoblast. So clearly this virus [protein?] mattered enormously to its permanent host. ...The big picture that’s now emerging is quite amazing. Viruses have rained down on mammals, and on at least six occasions, they’ve gotten snagged in their hosts and started carrying out the same function: building placentas...."

Så havde man hovedløst "renset" menneskets genom for ikke-humane gener, ville vi have fjernet muligheden for at få børn - og dermed udslettet os selv.

Der er indicer på at der findes gode vira:

19 November 2014, newscientist.com: ‘Good viruses’ defend gut when bacteria are wiped out: Citat: "... One group of these mice, and another that hadn’t received the virus were then given antibiotics, which wiped out much of their gut flora. Both groups then ingested a potentially fatal gut-irritating chemical. Those with the virus were much more likely to survive than those that hadn’t received it.... So could the results in mice apply to people? Possibly, says Cadwell. Viruses are routinely detected in young children who don’t show any symptoms, and also in people recovering from acute bacterial infections of the gut. This suggests that the presence of some viruses might be beneficial during development or periods of recovery when the immune system and gut bacteria are at their most vulnerable, he says. ..."

May 13, 2015, natureworldnews.com: Viruses: They're Not All Bad, Says Expert: Citat: "... Then there's the herpes virus. You read that right, herpes - the unmentionable sickness which boasts strains that can cause painful cold sores or (heaven forbid) an incredibly persistent and harmful sexually-transmitted disease (STD). According to a number of past studies cited in Roossinck's work, a latent herpes virus (one that is dormant) may naturally arm the cells they infect with the ammunition to kill both mammalian tumor cells, and cells that are infected with pathogenic viruses.... Recent investigations determined that to live there, plants form a complex symbiotic relationship between fungi and the viruses that infect them. Field work and lab-side studies determined that this three-way 'agreement' could likely allow most plants to hash out an at-least struggling existance in these normally fatal temperatures. Even tomato plants were found to withstand up to 140 degrees (60 C) as long as all three members of the relationship were present...."

May 16, 2007, livescience.com: The Good Thing About Herpes: Citat: "... The herpes family of viruses can have a surprising upside--it can protect against the bubonic plague and other bacterial contagions, at least in mice.... "There may be symbiotic advantages to chronic infections with these viruses." These new results do not mean people should go out and get infected with herpes, Virgin stressed. They probably already are. Nearly all humans become infected with multiple herpes virus family members during childhood.... Still, while people might benefit from symbiotic relationships with the herpes family of viruses, they can also have serious consequences, such as deafness, blindness, encephalitis and cancer. ..."

31 Aug 2012, telegraph.co.uk: A virus that kills cancer: the cure that's waiting in the cold: Citat: "... It sounds too kindly of the gods to be true: a virus that eats cancer. ... In Prof Essand's laboratory studies his virus surges through the bloodstreams of test animals, rupturing cancerous cells with Viking rapacity. ... The Uppsala virus isn't unique. Since the 1880s [1980s?], doctors have known that viral infections can cause dramatic reductions in tumours. In 1890 [1990?] an Italian clinician discovered that prostitutes with cervical cancer went into remission when they were vaccinated against rabies, and for several years he wandered the Tuscan countryside injecting women with dog saliva. []In another, 20th-century, case, a 14-year-old boy with lymphatic leukaemia caught chickenpox: within a few days his grotesquely enlarged liver and spleen had returned to ordinary size; his explosive white blood cell count had shrunk nearly 50-fold, back to normal.... There are reasons to be cautious. A recent investigation by Amgen found that 47 of 53 papers (on all medical subjects, not just viruses) by academics in top peer-reviewed science journals contained results that couldn't be reproduced, even though company scientists repeated the experiments up to 50 times. ..."