Supplering:
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). (2009, May 22). Wings That Waggle Could Cut Aircraft Emissions By 20%. ScienceDaily: Citat: "... Dr Duncan Lockerby, from the University of Warwick, who is leading the project, said: “This has come as a bit of a surprise to all of us in the aerodynamics community. It was discovered, essentially, by waggling a piece of wing from side to side in a wind tunnel.” ... Engineers have known for some time that tiny ridges known as ‘riblets’ - like those found on sharks bodies - can reduce skin-friction drag, (a major portion of mid-flight drag), by around 5%. But the new micro-jet system being developed by Dr Lockerby and his colleagues could reduce skin friction drag by up to 40%, ..."
17 February 2006, focus.aps.org: Rough Skin is Good, backup: Citat: "... The team then attached a set of pill-shaped disks flat against the plate, in a row parallel to the leading edge but 8 centimeters behind it. The disks only stuck up 1.4 millimeters above the surface but still caused ribbons of spiraling flow in the air downstream. That flow smoothed out formerly turbulent air more than a meter away ... "Since the mid 1950's roughness elements have been known to trigger transition [to turbulence]," Fransson says. But "we put in roughness elements, and we show that we can delay transition. This is very new." He suggests that a similar strategy might suppress chaotic behavior in situations ranging from lasers to fusion plasmas. ... But he cautions that the clean experimental result may not capture what happens in the real world. George Karniadakis of Brown University agrees that the new result is a "good contribution," but he suspects that the disks will cause extra pressure drag that may overwhelm any reductions. Fransson says the disks only increase pressure drag by 3.5% but that the team hasn't yet measured the net drag ..."